when was the orthodox church founded

Learn Religions, Aug. 25, 2020, learnreligions.com/eastern-orthodox-church-history-700623. In the Orthodox view, Bible represents those texts approved by the church for the purpose of conveying the most important parts of what it already believed. The Hesychasts stated that at higher stages of their practice they reached the actual contemplation-union with the Tabor Light, i.e., Uncreated Divine Light or photomos seen by the apostles in the event of the Transfiguration of Christ and Saint Paul while on the road to Damascus. Some 20,000 people were executed just outside Butovo, a good percentage of which were Orthodox clergy, ascetics, and laymen.[66]. [49] Also, the Church has no official position on Judaism as such. Between 1917 and 1940, 130,000 Orthodox priests were arrested. The Serbs and Bulgarians adopt the Old Slavonic liturgy instead of the Greek.[21][24]. In the 11th century the East–West Schism took place between Rome and Constantinople, resulting in a separation between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church (with both claiming to represent the sole legitimate continuation of the original Church). These doctrinal differences were first openly discussed during the patriarchate of Photius I. Rome began to interpret her primacy among the Pentarchy of five sees in terms of sovereignty, as a God-given right involving universal jurisdiction in the Church. In the spring of 2002, a new mission church of the Orthodox Church in America (an offshoot of the Russian Orthodox Church) was founded in Pella, Iowa as the St. Nicholas Orthodox Christian Church. Cultural differences played a major role too, with the Eastern mindset more inclined toward philosophy, mysticism, and ideology, and the Western outlook guided more by a practical and legal mentality. Today, the Orthodox constitute the second largest Christian body in â¦ The word Orthodox literally means "straight teaching" or "straight worship," being derived from two Greek words: orthos, "straight," and doxa, "teaching" or "worship." Under Ottoman rule, the Greek Orthodox Church acquired power as an autonomous millet. Trained in Scholastic theology, Barlaam was scandalized by Hesychasm and began to campaign against it. Christianity as Orthodox was not established as the State Religion in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire until Theodosius I convened The First Council of Constantinople or the (second ecumenical council) in 381. Our church is now almost 2,000 years old. The forming of Christianity as state religion dates to the time of the Eastern Orthodox missionaries (Saints) Cyril and Methodius during Basil I (r. 867–886), who baptised the Serbs sometime before helping Knez Mutimir in the war against the Saracens in 869, after acknowledging the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. The Orthodox Church is the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, founded by Jesus Christ and His apostles. Fairchild, Mary. [14][better source needed]. With the elevation of Christianity to the status of a legal religion within the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great, with the edict of Milan (313), many Orthodox felt a new decline in the ethical life of Christians. That, however, did not rule out demolishing churches and monasteries as part of broader systematization (urban planning), state persecution of individual believers, and Romania stands out as a country which ran a specialised institution where many Orthodox (along with peoples of other faiths) were subjected to psychological punishment or torture and mind control experimentation in order to force them give up their religious convictions (see Pitești Prison). The Copts are proud of the apostolicity of their Church, whose founder is St. Mark; one of the seventy Apostles (Mk 10:10), and one of the four Evangelists. The main Coptic organization has been out of accord with both the Roman Catholic Church and the various Eastern Orthodox churches for the last 16 centuries. Early growth also occurred in the two political centers of Rome and Greece, as well as in Byzantium (initially a minor centre under the Metropolitan of Heraclea, but which later became Constantinople). The Apostles traveled extensively throughout the empire, establishing communities in major cities and regions, with the first community appearing in Jerusalem, followed by communities in Antioch, Ethiopia and others. The Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions with the largest number of adherents in modern times are the Russian and the Romanian Orthodox churches. Furthermore, the loss of the Patriarchate of Alexandria following the schism regarding the Council of Chalcedon (451), which led to the separation between the Byzantine Church and the Alexandrian Coptic Church, as well as the fall of the Patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem following the conquest of Palestine and Syria during the rise of Islam, made the theory of the Pentarchy more of a simple theory, than a practical reality. In later centuries Orthodox councils also made doctrinal definitions on Grace (1341 AD, 1351 AD) and took a stand in reference to Western teachings. In fact, conditions in the Parthian empire (250 BC – AD 226), which stretched from the Euphrates to the Indus rivers and the Caspian to the Arabian seas, were in some ways more favourable for the growth of the church than in the Roman world. According to Joseph Raya, "Byzantine culture and Orthodoxy are one and the same.".[9]. [58][59][60] Criticism of atheism was strictly forbidden and sometimes resulted in imprisonment. The ruling Ottoman siding with Rome over the Orthodox provoked outright war (see the Eastern Question). The three main forms of Ascetics' traditions being Skete, Cenobite and Hermit respectively. He is regarded by the Coptic hierarchy as the first of their unbroken 117 patriarchs, and also the first of a stream of Egyptian martyrs. In 1909 government troops killed, in the towns of Adana alone, over 20,000 Christian Armenians. Ancient Christendom in the New World As a parish in the Church of our Lord Jesus Christ, founded upon the Apostles and sustained through history by the Holy Spirit, we seek to worship the one true God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit; and to proclaim the Good News of Godâs unbounded love for all mankind revealed in Jesus Christ. Early believers were part of one body, one church. The Eastern Catholic churches were located historically in Eastern Europe, the Asian Middle East, Northern Africa and India, but are now, because of migration, found also in Western Europe, the Americas and Oceania. [30] Some Orthodox see a continuation of Roman Catholic hostility in the establishment of the Uniate or Eastern Catholic Churches (see the sainting of Bissarion in 1950).[31]. Bulgaria's Church was officially recognized as a Patriarchate by Constantinople in 927, Serbia's in 1346, and Russia's in 1589. The Orthodox Church in America traces its origins to the arrival in Kodiak, Alaska of eight Orthodox missionaries from the Valaamo Monastery in the northern Karelia region of Russia in 1794. The Russian Orthodox Church collaborated with the White Army in the Russian Civil War (see White movement) after the October Revolution. Although originally the Eastern and Western Christians shared the same faith, the two sides began to separate after the seventh Ecumenical Council in 787 A.D. and is generally considered to have ultimately divided over the dispute with Rome in the so-called Great Schismin 1054. Systematic persecution of the early Christian church caused it to become an underground movement. By the beginning of the 11th century most of the Slavic world, including, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Russia had converted to Orthodox Christianity. Before and after the October Revolution of 7 November 1917 (October 25 Old Calendar) there was a movement within the Soviet Union to unite all of the people of the world under Communist rule (see Communist International). It was not until the co-reigns of Gratian and Theodosius that Arianism was effectively wiped out among the ruling class and elite of the Eastern Empire. ".mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Antiochian Orthodox Archidioces of Australia & New Zealand". The Eastern Orthodox Church, a branch of Christianity also known as Eastern Orthodoxy, Orthodox Christianity, or the Orthodox Church, is a body of â¦ The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. Since some of these Slavic states tied their ethnic heritage to their ethnic churches, both the peoples and their church were targeted by the Soviet and its form of State atheism. The Iconoclasm (730–787 and 813–843) was a movement within the Byzantine church to establish that the Christian culture of portraits (see icon) of the family of Christ and subsequent Christians and biblical scenes were not of a Christian origin and therefore heretical. There, he encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices, also reading the writings of the teacher in Hesychasm of St Gregory Palamas, himself an Athonite monk. Jerusalem had been conquered by the Umayyad Muslims in 638, won back by Rome in 1099 under the First Crusade and then finally reconquered by the Ottoman Muslims in 1517. It was convened to address the Abrahamic tradition of circumcision and its relation to converted Gentiles (Acts 15). By this time, Egypt had been under Muslim control for some seven centuries. As the conquest by the European crusaders was not exclusive to the fourth crusade, many various kingdoms of European rule were established. Student Re-Education in Romanian Prisons, "Uniate vs. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/eastern-orthodox-church-history-700623. The seat of the patriarchate was â¦ Until 1054 AD Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism were branches of the same body â the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Barlaam held this concept to be polytheistic, inasmuch as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible (immanent) and an invisible God (transcendent). She took very seriously the command of Our Lord to go into the whole world and preach the Gospel. Theodosius' wife St Flacilla was instrumental in his campaign to end Arianism. The Maronite Church and the Syro-Malabar Church are Eastern Catholic churches that never broke communion with the Church of Rome. In 893 AD, Bulgaria expelled its Byzantine clergy and proclaimed the Slavonic language as the official language of the Bulgarian Church and State. It is feared that this ploy would diminish the power to the original eastern Patriarchs of the church and would require the acceptance of rejected doctrines and Scholasticism over faith. The oldest list of books for the canon is the Muratorian fragment dating to c. 170 (see also Chester Beatty Papyri). It had been inserted into the Nicene Creed during the 6th century, thus changing the phrase about the origin of the Holy Spirit from "who proceeds from the Father" to "who proceeds from the Father and the Son." Boris realized that the Christianization of his subjects by the Byzantine mission would facilitate the undesired spread of Byzantine influence in Bulgaria, as the liturgy was carried out in the Greek language, and the newly established Bulgarian Church was subordinate to the Church of Constantinople. The various autocephalous and autonomous churches of the Orthodox Church are distinct in terms of administration and local culture, but for the most part exist in full communion with one another, with exceptions such as lack of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) and the Moscow Patriarchate (the Orthodox Church of Russia) dating from the 1920s and due to the subjection of the latter to the hostile Soviet regime. The early Christians had no way to have a copy of the works that later became the canon and other church works accepted but not canonized. This date marks an important moment in the history of all Christian denominations because it designates the very first major division in Christianity and the beginning of "denominations." Annunciation parish was founded in 1956, but the Orthodox Church was founded on the Feast of Pentecost in approximately 33 AD, and is the original Church, the Body of Christ on earth. It is organically and historically the same Church that came fully into being at Pentecost (Acts 2). Within the Antiochian church the Eastern Catholic movement started after the Ottoman Turks' conquest of Antioch in the early 15th century, under whose control it remained until the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. Disagreement between these two branches of Christendom had already long existed, but the gap between the Roman and Eastern churches increased throughout the first millennium with a progression of worsening disputes. [61], It is estimated that some 20 million Christians (17 million Orthodox and 3 million Roman Catholic) died or were interned in gulags. The Orthodox Church was founded on the Day of Holy Pentecost in Jerusalem in 33 AD, fifty days after the Holy Resurrection of Jesus Christ our true God. Orthodoxy under the Palestinian National Authority (including Gaza). The first ecumenical council in part was a continuation of Trinitarian doctrinal issues addressed in pre-legalization of Christianity councils or synods (for examples see Synods of Antioch between 264–269AD and Synod of Elvira). The original church or community of the East before the Great Schism comprised: The church of Rome by tradition was founded by both Saint Peter and Saint Paul. [63] Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Orthodox Church has recognized a number of New Martyrs as saints. The Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church was the first Greek Orthodox Church founded in Cleveland, Ohio. During the Lausanne Conference in 1923, the Turkish and Greek sides after some discussions accepted the proposal of a population exchange. In 1054 AD a formal split occurred when Pope Leo IX (leader of the Roman branch) excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius (leader of the Eastern branch), who in turn condemned the pope in mutual excommunication. Eastern Orthodox Christianity was the state religion throughout most of Georgia's history until 1921, when it was conquered by the Russian Red Army during the Russian-Georgian War and became part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The iconoclasts considered the tradition of icons as contrary to the ban on 'graven images'[Exodus 20:4], interpretated in a narrow sense as 'engraved or carved'. in, It is no coincidence that in the entry on 'Orthodoxy' in the seventh volume of the. These monks were anchorites, following the monastic ideal of St. Anthony the Great, Paul of Thebes and Saint Pachomius. In 2004, Pope John Paul II extended a formal apology for the sacking of Constantinople in 1204; the apology was formally accepted by Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople. The earliest text of the New Testament was written in common or Koine Greek. This resulted in the creation of an autonomous national (Bulgarian) Archbishopric. The old rivalry between the two Churches burned with new power. As such, they constitute a permanent standard for an Orthodox understanding of the Trinity, the person or hypostasis of Christ, the incarnation.[10]. In the summer of 2001, St. Raphael of Brooklyn Antiochian Orthodox Mission in Iowa City was founded by converts to the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Roman mission's efforts were met with success and King Boris asked Pope Nicholas I to appoint Formosa of Portua as Bulgarian Archbishop. The Russian Orthodox Church held a privileged position in the Russian Empire, expressed in the motto, Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, of the late Russian Empire. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office... How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? â¦ It has preserved the original teachings of Jesus Christ and His Apostles form that time until the present. [42][43] In 1971, the Halki seminary in Istanbul was closed along with other private higher education institutions in Turkey.[44]. The Orthodox Churches in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland have seen drastic changes since the fall of Communism. It was in the establishment of the Eastern Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great that Christianity was legalized (Edict of Milan, 313). The establishment of the Latin Empire in 1204 was intended to supplant the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. The final pseudo-battle or face off that ended Mongol rule in Russia was the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480AD. The Czech Church has recognized contemporary New Martyrs, such as Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague. What to â¦ The Orthodox Church understands this in a wider sense as a ban on no carved images: the people of God are not to create idols and then worship them. Many Orthodox saw the actions of the Catholics in the Mediterranean as a prime determining factor in the weakening of Byzantium which led to the Empire's eventual conquest and fall to Islam. In 1965, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras agreed to formally remove the mutual excommunication of 1054. The Serbs were baptised during the reign of Heraclius (610–641) by "elders of Rome" according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his annals (r. This exodus of highly educated Greek scholars, later reinforced by refugees following the Fall of Constantinople of 1453, had a significant influence on the first generation (that of Petrarca and Boccaccio) of the incipient Italian Renaissance. Another opponent of Palamism was Manuel Kalekas who sought to reconcile the Eastern and Western Churches. Until 1054 AD Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism were branches of the same body — the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Orthodoxy first arrived in the Americas in 1794 when Russian missionaries founded a church in Novoarkhangelsk (now Sitka), Alaska. The movement to reestablish communion with the See of Rome within East-Central Europe was started with the 1598–1599 Union of Brest, by which the "Metropolia of Kiev-Halych and all Rus'" entered into relationship with the Roman Catholic Church. Boris turned to the Pope, and the arrival of the Roman clerical mission concluded the activity of the Byzantine mission, which was ordered by the King to leave Bulgaria. Three other synods on the subject were held, at the second of which the followers of Barlaam gained a brief victory. This also continued into the age when the practice of the religion of Christianity became legal (see the Ecumenical Councils). During the time of the Crusades (1095), Rome joined with the East to defend the Holy Land against the Turks, providing a ray of hope for a possible reconciliation between the two churches. All Christian denominations are rooted in the life and ministry of Jesus Christ and share the same origins. With over five thousand Greek-born residents by 1920, Cleveland had one of the largest Greek communities in Ohio. Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism were the results of these early schisms. Some Orthodox charge that joining in this unity comes at the expense of ignoring critical doctrinal differences and past atrocities. As a personal culprit, Pope Nicholas I was anathematized. The result of state sponsored atheism was to transform the Church into a persecuted and martyred Church. I'm New. The most ancient of the Eastern Orthodox communities existing today are the churches of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Georgia. God permitted for us to be greatly tested. 733–743), where numerous examples are given of persecution of the Jews in Russia, including religious persecution, no evidence is given of the direct participation of the church, either in legislative terms or in the conduct of policy. There were doctrinal issues like the filioque clause and the authority of the Pope involved in the split, but these were exacerbated by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. One of the worst such episodes occurred under Yavuz Sultan Selim I. The first four of the patriarchs were located in the largest cities of the Roman Empire, while the fifth was in Jerusalem, a city deriving its importance from being the place where the Christian Church was founded, despite its relatively small size. Catacombs of Rome and also in Greece (see Cave of the Apocalypse, The Church of St George and the church at Pergamon) and also in the underground cities of Anatolia such as Derinkuyu Underground City (also see Cave monastery and Bab Kisan). The recognition of the primate by Constantinople came in 1937. Much of Russia was ruled by Mongols and Russian Princes (of whom had limited power). Orthodox Church services today continue to serve this educational function. [21] Legalization included the calling of the Ecumenical Councils to resolve disputes and establish church dogma on which the entire church would agree. [25] [citation needed]. The final uniformity of liturgical services became solidified after the church established a Biblical canon, being based on the Apostolic Constitutions and Clementine literature. Historically the word "church" did not mean a building or housing structure (for which Greek-speakers might have used the word "basilica") but meant a community or gathering of like peoples (see ekklesia). It has preserved the original teachings of Jesus Christ and His Apostles form that time until the present. Salvation or Soteriology from the Orthodox perspective is achieved not by knowledge of scripture but by being a member of the church or community and cultivating phronema and theosis through participation in the church or community.[7][8]. "Eastern Orthodox History." [38][better source needed][39][better source needed] This included the building of churches and monasteries.[39]. In 863, a mission from the Patriarch of Constantinople converted King Boris I of Bulgaria to Christianity. [47][48] In the case of anti-semitism and the anti-Jewish pogroms, no evidence is given of the direct participation of the church; it is important to remember that many Russian Orthodox clerics, including senior hierarchs, openly defended persecuted Jews, at least starting with the second half of the 19th century. The fall of the Ottoman was precipitated by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox disputed possession of the Church of the Nativity and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. These events also led to the Patriarch of Constantinople centralizing more power in his office, acting alone as the sole Patriarch remaining in the East until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. Although the authors of the article state that the active role of the Church in inciting the government to conduct anti-Jewish acts (for example in the case of Ivan the Terrible's policy in the defeated territories) is 'obvious', no facts are given in their article to support this. To the present date, the Eastern and Western churches remain divided and separate. Undoubtedly the Russian church can be criticised for its total submission to the State in the Synodical period (after the abolition of the Patriarchage in the early eighteenth century), for its inability to express an independent opinion and for its failure to demonstrate love for one's neighbour and defence of the persecuted in accordance with the basic teachings of the Gospel: unlike the Western church, the Russian Orthodox Church took no steps to protect the Jews. Its decisions are accepted by all Christians,[11] and later definitions of an ecumenical council to conform to this sole Biblical council. As the Ottoman Empire had been for sometime falling into political, social and economic decay (see the Sick Man of Europe) this conflict ignited the Crimean War in 1850 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The missionaries made a great impact on the native Alaskan population and were responsible for bringing many to the Orthodox Christian faith. On the Hesychast side, the controversy was taken up by Antonite St Gregory Palamas, afterwards Archbishop of Thessalonica, who was asked by his fellow monks on Mt Athos to defend Hesychasm from Barlaam's attacks. The ecumenical patriarch was the religious and administrative ruler of the entire "Orthodox nation" (Ottoman administrative unit), which encompassed all the Orthodox subjects of the Empire, but was dominated by ethnic Greeks. Jesus was God in essence, being and nature (ousia or substantia). The controversy also involved ecclesiastical jurisdictional rights in the Bulgarian church. Particularly, this occurred over the papal claim to supreme authority and the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. Much of the original church liturgical services functioned as a means of learning these works. [63][64] If you are Orthodox Christian, your religion was founded in the year 33 by Jesus Christ, the Son of God. (2020, August 25). It was not until then, that systematic Roman persecution of Christians stopped, although it did resurface later, though temporarily, under Roman Paganism (Emperor Julian the Apostate). Later history developed around the Greek (Mount Athos) and Syrian (Cappadocia) forms of monastic life, along with the formation of Monastic Orders or monastic organization. The members of the holy synod of Antioch continue to explore greater communication and more friendly meetings with their Syriac, Melkite, and Maronite brothers and sisters, who all share a common heritage.[78]. The doctrine of the Christian Church was established over the centuries at Councils dating from as early as 325CE where the leaders from all the Christian communities were represented. National Church had been destroyed during the early Christian Church caused it to become.! 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The regime and Western Russia animus against the Church experienced many disagreements and fractions provoked war... Able to defend Hesychasm, 2020, learnreligions.com/eastern-orthodox-church-history-700623 the life and ministry of Jesus Christ His... Of Adana alone, over 20,000 Christian Armenians of Communism historically to it also... ) as the ascetic movement was considered had no clerical status as such worst... Testament was written in common or Koine Greek the circumstances surrounding the Great, Paul of and... Today continue to serve this educational function [ sic ] behind the Conflict fire [... When Sultan Abdul killed 300,000 Armenians throughout the provinces the Mongol invasion of Rus of 1237–1242AD to... Bulgarians, Serbs, Russians and others Thebes and Saint Pachomius successors, known when was the orthodox church founded the official organizing of East. Churches, each governed by its bishops in local synods Gregory was in. ) Archbishopric `` Stories of Cavalry. `` [ 4 ] Pope Nicholas I to appoint of. Approximately 15 parishes and 5,000 members, down significantly from its peak membership especially in the Americas in when! Existed in the late 1800s ended Mongol rule from the Roman mission 's efforts were met with success King! Jesus Christ and described throughout the provinces icons and theological discourse as tongues of fire. 9! Ousia or substantia ) 'Orthodoxy ' in the predominantly Greek-speaking Eastern half of Orthodox...

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