Check it out!. Wagner and P.J. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Wright, S. 1935. The feet have hairless soles and short sharp claws. [citation needed] However, published scientific sources mention alfalfa as a food source that can replenish protein, amino acids, and fiber. [141] The variety of guinea pig produced by La Molina is fast-growing and can weigh 3 kilograms (6.6 lb). Beautiful Cute Guinea Pig Christmas Tree gift decor Xmas tree shirt help your dream come true. Guinea pigs measure 20 to 40 cm from head to rump; they do not have tails (Nowak 1999). Accessed using Business Source Complete. Technically it’s the proper name for a guinea pig, but the two names are used more or less interchangeably. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Festing, M.F.W. J.E. They are found across South America in open areas from moist savanna to thorn forests or scrub desert . Unlike other rodents, guinea pigs cannot manufacture vitamin C; they must consume it in their diet. Wagner and P.J. If this happens, it prevents her from giving birth, resulting in the death of the mother and her unborn pups (NRC 1991; Harper 1976). [118][119] Allergic reactions following direct exposure to guinea pigs in domestic settings have also been reported. [18] The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted the guinea pig in their art. See more ideas about Genealogy, Family genealogy, Family tree genealogy. [citation needed] Guinea pigs chew on cloth, paper, plastic, and rubber, if they are available. [28] It was present in the Ostionoid period on Puerto Rico, for example, long before the advent of the Spaniards. Under conditions of constant light and temperature in the lab, they do not appear to have fixed sleeping or eating patterns (Harper 1976). [168] Present at a level 10 times that found in other mammals, the insulin in guinea pigs may be important in growth regulation, a role usually played by growth hormone. A guinea pig named Bugsy appears in the 2008 film Bedtime Stories. Buy and sell almost anything on Gumtree classifieds. [70], The guinea pig's natural diet is grass; their molars are particularly suited for grinding plant matter and grow continuously throughout their life. document.write(unescape("%3C%2F%61%3E%0A")); Sexually mature female guinea pigs go into estrus every 13 to 20 days except when pregnant. The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Young pigs are usually sold in pet stores, but their ages are not usually documented. Another appearance is in The Magician's Nephew by C. S. Lewis: in the first (chronologically) of his The Chronicles of Narnia series, a guinea pig is the first creature to travel to the Wood between the Worlds. Pups can be weaned after five days, but they normally nurse for three weeks or more. As a result of their widespread popularity, especially in households with children, guinea pigs have shown a presence in culture and media. 1993. "Cuy" sounds like a guinea pig vocalization (Morales 1995; Wagner 1976). [172] An immunocompetent hairless breed was also identified by the Institute Armand Frappier in 1978, and Charles River Laboratories has reproduced this breed for research since 1982. Elsevier Academic Press(2012). We print the highest quality guinea pig people stickers on the internet *Cannot be combined with additional sales/discounts. [12][14] A common misconception is that they were so named because they were sold for the price of a guinea coin. Helping you to discover the right names for your new family members in no time! The guinea pig market is also helping farmers in other countries get Treehouse contributions are checked for general accuracy and quality by teachers and ToL editors, but they are not usually reviewed by expert scientists. document.write(x3); They produce a variety of vocalizations that go along with certain activities. The Guinea Pig family feature all together in this series of four miniature prints from my original The Japanese word for guinea pig is "モルモット" (morumotto), which derives from the name of another mountain-dwelling rodent, the marmot. 1976. Young guinea pigs play by "popcorning", that is, by jumping, bucking, and throwing up their heads (CFHS; Harper 1976). Guinea Pig Books offer a NEW, fresh and exciting approach to learning. Manning, 269-280. A number of plants are poisonous to guinea pigs, including bracken, bryony, buttercup, charlock, deadly nightshade, foxglove, hellebore, hemlock, lily of the valley, mayweed, monkshood, privet, ragwort, rhubarb, speedwell, toadflax (both Linaria vulgaris and Linaria dalmatica), and wild celery. 2. J.E. Male and female guinea pigs do not differ in appearance apart from general size. The species name porcellus means "little pig" in Latin (Wagner 1976). In other words, Rodentia is paraphyletic. [144] In Cameroon, they are widely distributed. Your Kids Will LOVE This! NRC. [70] In the South Park season 12 episode "Pandemic 2: The Startling", giant guinea pigs dressed in costumes rampage over the Earth. "The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents" p. 705 American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. The guinea pig possesses a unique expansion of the PRL family. WARNING: Graphic image in this story. Guinea pigs were used in some major advertising campaigns in the 1990s and 2000s, notably for Egg Banking plc,[127] Snapple, and Blockbuster Video. [158] The book became a national bestseller in the United States, thus further popularizing the term, and spurred the growth of the consumer protection movement. Poor diets for guinea pigs have been associated with muscular dystrophy, metastatic calcification, difficulties with pregnancy, vitamin deficiencies, and teeth problems. var dkfhsd= unescape("%2E%0A"); Caviidae usually is placed within Hystricomorpha (Graur, Hide and Li 1991; D'Erchia et al. Originally raised for food, it no longer occurs in the wild and is now typically kept as a pet or for laboratory research. Guinea pigs belong to the family Caviidae, which is a family of South American rodents. Guinea pigs thrive at room temperature; colder weather can be deadly (CFHS). They have well-developed senses of hearing, smell, and touch. [23] They are rubbed against the bodies of the sick, and are seen as a supernatural medium. Hello everyone! Behaviour. J.E. Squealing or shrieking is a high-pitched sound of discontent, in response to pain or danger. Cute guinea pig names – making the right choice. J.E. She does lick the anogenital region of her pups for the first two or three weeks in order to stimulate urination (Harper 1976). [8], The guinea pig was first domesticated as early as 5000 BC for food by tribes in the Andean region of South America (the present-day southern part of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia),[16] some thousands of years after the domestication of the South American camelids. [45] They are timid explorers and often hesitate to attempt an escape from their cage even when an opportunity presents itself. [162] Since the middle 20th century, they have been replaced in laboratory contexts primarily by mice and rats. Being a beautiful person is a dream of people. Manning, 63-98. Age 4 weeks All boys Please like my page for more Guinea pigs Guinea pig Adelaide httpsmfacebookcomGuineapigAdelaide111217127396289, 1257577518 However, in the early 1990s a debate arose over whether or not guinea pigs and Caviomorpha should be classified in Rodent… [29], The guinea pig was first described in the West in 1554 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner. var dkfhsd= unescape("%2E%0A"); [45] As of 2007, they constitute about 2% of the current total of laboratory animals. It may also make this sound when grooming, crawling around to investigate a new place, or when given food. [27], Spanish, Dutch, and English traders took guinea pigs to Europe, where they quickly became popular as exotic pets among the upper classes and royalty, including Queen Elizabeth I. Guinea pig PRLRPs are expressed in the placenta at differing levels. 1 A tailless South American rodent of the cavy family. See the size chart image above for details. The shirt is pre-shrunk and machine washable. Anyone can sign up as a treehouse contributor and share their knowledge and enthusiasm about organisms. Shop guinea pig people onesies created by independent artists from around the globe. The Mercer Guinea-Pig Family Tree Milkshake the miraculous Truffles the Tremendous Honey the Heroic Crumble the Calm Marshmallow the Miraculus Muffin the Mature Coffee bean the Courageous Generation 5 Captain the cute Generation 3 Custard the Capable Biscuit the Beautiful document.write(unescape("%3C%61%20%68%72%65%66%3D%22%6D%61%69%6C%74%6F%3A%0A")); [57] They tend to be most active during dawn and dusk (crepuscular), when it is harder for predators to spot them. Alderton, D. 1999. National Research Council. Domestication may have begun around 5,000 BCE (CFHS; Morales, 1995). Caviidae, the cavy family, is composed of rodents native to South America and includes the domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the largest living rodent, the capybara. [76][73][77], Like humans, but unlike most other mammals, guinea pigs cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must obtain this vital nutrient from food. We print the highest quality guinea pig people onesies on the internet Meet Adam, Eve and Fig, a Guinea Pig & Abyssinian Mix Guinea Pig for adoption, at A Medfield Animal Shelter in Medfield, MA on … The Guinea Pig: Healing, Food, and Ritual in the Andes. J.E. [citation needed], Guinea pigs benefit from a diet of fresh grass hay, such as timothy hay, in addition to food pellets which are often based on timothy hay. 1 A tailless South American rodent of the cavy family. In some societies, guinea pigs are a source of food, and the Andean culture uses them in religious ceremonies and traditional medicine. Left: Shadow. They startle extremely easily, and either freeze in place for long periods or run for cover with rapid, darting motions when they sense danger. The "pig" part of their name probably shares the same origins as their species name. American Cavy Breeders Association. While the male investigates, the female escapes. J.E. In South America, where people keep them for food, they are allowed to run free on the floor in kitchens or outdoors (Morales 1995). The vagina is closed by a membrane, which disappears at the beginning of estrus and re-forms at the end (Ediger 1976). BACAS (Bureau for Agricultural Consultancy and Advisory Service). [84] Additionally, any plant which grows from a bulb (e.g., tulip or onion) is normally considered poisonous,[85] as well as ivy and oak tree leaves. The most common varieties found in pet stores are the English shorthair (also known as the American), which have a short, smooth coat, and the Abyssinian, whose coat is ruffled with cowlicks, or rosettes. A bubbling or purring sound is made when the guinea pig is enjoying itself, such as when being petted or held. [101] Guinea pigs may also suffer from "running lice" (Gliricola porcelli), a small, white insect which can be seen moving through the hair; their eggs, which appear as black or white specks attached to the hair, are sometimes referred to as "static lice". [65] Larger animals may regard guinea pigs as prey, though some (such as dogs or cats) can be trained to accept them. This hypothesis is untenable, because the guinea was first struck in England in 1663, and William Harvey used the term "Ginny-pig" as early as 1653. The alpha male has exclusive rights to mating with the females in his group, and will not tolerate other males attempting to mate with his females. var x1 = unescape('%6d%63%6d%61%73%74%65%72'); Also, Andean traditional medicine uses guinea pigs for diagnosis and healing (Morales 1995). var x2 = unescape('%63%61'); 2000. [171] Inbred strains are less common and are usually used for very specific research, such as immune system molecular biology. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} guinea pig peeking out of his hut - guinea pig stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. In: Blench, R.M. [86] The female guinea pig is able to breed year-round, with spring being the peak. See more ideas about Guinea pig cage, Pig, Guinea. Guinea pigs learn to recognize and bond with other individual pigs, and testing of boars shows their neuroendocrine stress response is significantly lowered in the presence of a bonded female when compared to the presence of unfamiliar females. Age 4 weeks All boys Please like my page for more Guinea pigs Guinea pig Adelaide httpsmfacebookcomGuineapigAdelaide111217127396289, 1257577518 [42] Activity is scattered randomly throughout the day; aside from an avoidance of intense light, no regular circadian patterns are apparent. [68] Rabbits may also harbor diseases (such as respiratory infections from Bordetella and Pasteurella), to which guinea pigs are susceptible. Guinea Pigs Near Me. Vol. Is it wrong if I tell everybody my family I have to work at Christmas and instead I stayed home in front of my fireplace and drink? Also, some of their vocalizations sound somewhat like pig vocalizations (Wagner 1976; Alderton 1999). If you spot an error, please get in touch with the author or the teacher. Females are subordinate to their male, and they may have a loose social hierarchy among themselves (Harper 1976). We utilized the technique of A–B PCR (Borodulina and Kramerov, 1999) since the A and B box regions of SINEs are most conserved.) [68][73] The cecotropes are eaten directly from the anus, unless the guinea pig is pregnant or obese. Browse through Zazzle's selection of Guinea Pig Christmas tree decorations for your home this year. Scent plays a role in guinea pig communication, and mother guinea pigs use it to identify their young. The t-shirt is 100% cotton and printed with water based ink. Can’t beat a real Christmas tree especially when all the family … On the genetics of rosette pattern in guinea pigs. Ediger, R.D. The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also called domestic cavy or simply cavy, is a species of rodent happiness to the family … This is in part because research into the genetics of guinea pigs has lagged behind that of other rodents, although geneticists W. E. Castle and Sewall Wright made a number of contributions to this area of study, especially regarding coat color. They are social, living in the wild in small groups that consist of several females (sows), a male (boar), and the young (which, in a break with the preceding porcine nomenclature, are called "pups" not "piglets"). Peruvian Guinea Pig are now extremely popular pets. Currently, some data supports the paraphyletic side of the debate, but guinea pigs are generally considered part of Rodentia. In South America, guinea pigs are eaten on special occasions and are considered a delicacy. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Sullivan, J., and D.L. Guinea pigs are quadrupedal. Buy all four together. [45] Dominance is also established through biting (especially of the ears), piloerection, aggressive noises, head thrusts, and leaping attacks. Cavies, or Guinea Pigs. [74] The condition may be temporarily alleviated by a human carefully removing the impacted feces from the anus. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2:77-86. document.write(x0 + asdkj + x1 + dkfhsd + x2 + unescape("%22%3E%0A")); Rodents of the World. Care and Management. 3 people follow this. Felt Guinea Pig Handmade Christmas Tree Decoration Gift Holiday Ornament Bauble ChilliPepperByEmma. Guinea pigs give birth to, on average, two to three young per litter. Community See All. Start a new Christmas tradition with our keepsake Christmas ornaments! [121] Butler's story, in turn, inspired the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", written by David Gerrold. The three original lines out of Peru were the Perú (weighing 800 grams (28 oz) by 2 weeks), the Andina, and the Inti. Crossword Clue The crossword clue Cousins of the guinea pig with 7 letters was last seen on the January 01, 1994.. Despite their common name , guinea pigs are not native to Guinea , nor are they closely biologically related to pigs , and the origin of the name is still unclear. [20] Wild cavies are found on grassy plains and occupy an ecological niche similar to that of cattle. McMaster University. Womens fitted t-shirt featuring a family of Guinea Pigs. In geriatric boars or sows (rarely in young ones), the muscles which allow the softer pellets to be expelled from the anus can become weak. [21], Folklore traditions involving guinea pigs are numerous; they are exchanged as gifts, used in customary social and religious ceremonies, and frequently referred to in spoken metaphors. So, they pass and eat special, soft fecal pellets containing bacteria-digested cellulose (Alderton 1999; Harper 1976). In the case of being scared, the rumble often sounds higher and the body vibrates shortly. A Pet Owner in Eugene Had Her House Overrun by 250 Rapidly Breeding Guinea Pigs. Guinea pig, a domesticated species of South American rodent belonging to the cavy family (Caviidae). [59] Domestic guinea pigs have developed a different biological rhythm from their wild counterparts, and have longer periods of activity followed by short periods of sleep in between. document.write(x0 + asdkj + x1 + dkfhsd + x2 + unescape("%22%3E%0A")); Manning, 235-268. From shop ChilliPepperByEmma. document.write(unescape("%3C%61%20%68%72%65%66%3D%22%6D%61%69%6C%74%6F%3A%0A")); Adult guinea pigs seem to be able to discern brightness, but not hue. [165][166], Complement, an important component for serology, was first isolated from the blood of the guinea pig. So if a Guinea pig gets mites, I've heard that regular tea tree oil can help. [73][82] They do not respond well to sudden changes in their diet and they may stop eating and starve rather than accept new food types. 1997. Treatment of disease is made more difficult by the extreme sensitivity guinea pigs have to most antibiotics, including penicillin, which kill off the intestinal flora and quickly bring on episodes of diarrhea and in some cases, death. Cavy breeding clubs in Europe and North America, such as the American Cavy Breeders Association, set breed standards and organize shows and competitions. 1976. [35] Most guinea pigs have fur, but one laboratory breed adopted by some pet owners, the skinny pig, is a mostly furless breed. [161] Guinea pigs have an unusual insulin mutation,[167] and are a suitable species for the generation of anti-insulin antibodies. Both images © 2008 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "NHGRI Adds 18 Organisms to Sequencing Pipeline", Story of Vitamin C's chemical discovery. Character drawings of four different piggies to make a cute collection. However, in the early 1990s a debate arose over whether or not guinea pigs and Caviomorpha should be classified in Rodentia. Google Language Tools can give a quick translation into English. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Morales, E. 1995. [16] In the Tungurahua and Cotopaxi provinces of central Ecuador, guinea pigs are employed in the celebrations surrounding the feast of Corpus Christi as part of the Ensayo, which is a community meal, and the Octava, where castillos (greased poles) are erected with prizes tied to the crossbars, from which several guinea pigs may be hung. [104], Because the guinea pig has a stout, compact body, it more easily tolerates excessive cold than excessive heat. Aug 21, 2020 - Explore MakeUp Guinea Pig's board "Genealogy", followed by 377 people on Pinterest. [26] These methods are widely accepted in many parts of the Andes, where Western medicine is either unavailable or distrusted. [11], The origin of "guinea" in "guinea pig" is harder to explain. [34] According to the 2006 Guinness World Records, the longest living guinea pig survived 14 years, 10.5 months. Tree of Life Project. Physiological Zoology 70:589-96. A sow can have as many as five litters in a year, but six is theoretically possible. document.write(unescape("%3C%61%20%68%72%65%66%3D%22%6D%61%69%6C%74%6F%3A%0A")); [153] Guinea pigs played a major role in the establishment of germ theory in the late 19th century, through the experiments of Louis Pasteur, Émile Roux, and Robert Koch. Kunkele and Trillmich (1997) found that having precocial young does not significantly lower the overall biological cost of lactation for the mother, since the well-developed young have high energy needs right after birth. [155] China also launched and recovered a biosatellite in 1990 which included guinea pigs as passengers. Share your thoughts, experiences and the tales behind the art. [162] They are still frequently used to diagnose tuberculosis, since they are easily infected by human tuberculosis bacteria. tend to be most active during dawn and dusk (crepuscular), "tenjiku-nezumi – Meaning in Japanese | 天竺鼠 – Names of Animals in Japanese", "Multiple molecular evidences for a living mammalian fossil", "The associative processes of the guinea pig: A study of the psychical development of an animal with a nervous system well medullated at birth", "Ancient and modern steps during domestication of guinea pigs (, "Molecular systematics, taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Cavia (Rodentia: Caviidae)", "Domestication of guinea pigs from a southern Peru-northern Chile wild species and their middle pre-Columbian mummies", "Female Novelty and the Courtship Behavior of Male Guinea Pigs", Harkness and Wagner's Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents, 5th Edition, "En Suisse, les animaux domestiques doivent obligatoirement être en couple", "Severe Allergic Reactions to Guinea Pig", "Occupational Health and Safety for Staff with Substantial Contact with GUINEA PIGS", "Slogan Doctor Egg: 'You know where you are with egg, "Super Bowl Ads, Like the Game, Disappoint", "The current stage and future prospects of guinea pig production under smallholder conditions in West Africa", "Declaran el segundo viernes de octubre será el Día Nacional del Cuy", The origins and development of African livestock: Archaeology, genetics, linguistics and enthnography, Possibilités de développement de l'élevage du cobaye en Afrique subsaharienne: le cas du Cameroun, "Voluntary intake, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of fresh forages fed to guinea pigs in periurban rearing systems of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Analysis of the extent of human pressures and impact on natural forests of UNILEVER Tea Tanzania Limited (UTT). [113], Domesticated guinea pigs occur in many breeds, which have been developed since their introduction to Europe and North America. [148][149] They are also frequently held in rural households in Iringa Region of southwestern Tanzania. [118] Two major guinea pig allergens, Cav p I and Cav p II, have been identified in guinea pig fluids (urine and saliva) and guinea pig dander. Chirping, a less common sound, likened to, This page was last edited on 24 December 2020, at 01:14. http://cfhs.ca/athome/guinea_pigs. document.write(x3); Sometimes pet guinea pigs are allowed to "free range", too, but oftentimes their caregivers will keep them in cages. 505 likes. Shop guinea pig people stickers created by independent artists from around the globe. Keeping our community safe COVID-19 Safety Precautions ", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, "Sensitive RIA for the Specific Determination of Insulin Lispro", "Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Time Estimates for Major Rodent Groups: Evidence from Multiple Genes", "The Guinea Pig: Biology, Care, Identification, Nomenclature, Breeding, and Genetics", American Cavy Breeders' Association (ACBA), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinea_pig&oldid=996008201, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2020, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals With a Promising Economic Future. They can adapt to a wide range of altitudes, from sea level to higher than 4,000 m (NRC 1991). The BBC reports that a guinea pig was abandoned outdoors in Cornwall, England, and survived there for five years. http://www.acbaonline.com/. McCormick, J.G., and A.L. Share your thoughts, experiences and the tales behind the art. This dates back to the early 20th century; the Oxford English Dictionary notes its first usage in this capacity in 1913. var asdkj= unescape("%40%0A"); 1976. 1996; Wagner 1976). Guinea pigs also use scent to communicate. [60], Bedding made from red cedar (Eastern or Western) and pine, both softwoods, were commonly used in the past, but these materials are now believed to contain harmful phenols (aromatic hydrocarbons) and oils. var x1 = unescape('%6d%63%6d%61%73%74%65%72'); Guinea pig housing should be located away var x0 = unescape('%6e%6f%61%64%68%6d'); 1995. [46] A milky-white substance is secreted from their eyes and rubbed into the hair during the grooming process. [42], Domesticated guinea pigs thrive in groups of two or more; groups of sows, or groups of one or more sows and a neutered boar are common combinations, but boars can sometimes live together. [57] While they do not burrow themselves or build nests, they frequently seek shelter in the burrows of other animals, as well as in crevices and tunnels formed by vegetation. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Graur, D., W.A. thanks :) Cousins Of The Guinea Pig Crossword Clue Answers. [154] Guinea pigs have been launched into orbital space flight several times, first by the USSR on the Sputnik 9 biosatellite of March 9, 1961 – with a successful recovery. Cavia porcellus. Sisk, D.B. Large litters result in higher incidences of stillbirth, but because the pups are delivered at an advanced stage of development, lack of access to the mother's milk has little effect on the mortality rate of newborns. Accessed January 21, 2010, "Guinea pig preproinsulin gene: an evolutionary compromise? Traditionally, the animal was reserved for ceremonial meals and as a delicacy by indigenous people in the Andean highlands, but since the 1960s, it has become more socially acceptable for consumption by all people. [102], Foreign bodies, especially small pieces of hay or straw, can become lodged in the eyes of guinea pigs, resulting in excessive blinking, tearing, and in some cases an opaque film over the eye due to corneal ulcer. Find the latest crossword clues from New York Times Crosswords, LA Times Crosswords and many more. [156], In English, the term "guinea pig" is commonly used as a metaphor for a subject of scientific experimentation, or any experiment or test in modern times. (eds.). Guinea pigs communicate with one another by making sounds (CFHS; NRC 1991). Genetics. guinea pig ONLY 500 guinea pigs project before 2015 please 1,000,000 games by 2017 Can we get 2500 projects by 2015????? [109][110], Similar to the inherited genetic diseases of other breeds of animal (such as hip dysplasia in canines), a number of genetic abnormalities of guinea pigs have been reported. [42] Larger groups of startled guinea pigs "stampede", running in haphazard directions as a means of confusing predators. (1996). Still, "this was definitely an unusual case." In The Biology of the Guinea Pig, eds. [98] Females can become pregnant 6–48 hours after giving birth, but it is not healthy for a female to be thus constantly pregnant.[87].
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